Suggestions and Plans for 

Iowa Schoolhouses 
and Grounds 




Better Housing 



OF 



School Children 




ISSUED BY 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

STATE OF IOWA 

DES MOINES 

1915 



Suggestions and Plans for 

Iowa Schoolhouses 
and Grounds 



Better Schoolhouses and Grounds 
for Iowa Boys and Girls 






ISSUED BY THE 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

ALBERT M. DEYOE 

Superintendent of Public Instruction 

1916 



PREPARED BY 

MELVIN R. FAYRAM 

Inspector State Graded and High Schools 






D. of D. 
JUN 23 1916 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Foreword 7, 8 

Selection of Site • 9 

Size of Grounds 10 

Location of Building 10 

Foundation 10 

Plan of One-Room School Ground 11 

Plan of Consolidated School Ground 12 

Basements 12 

Kind of Buildings 13 

Fire Protection 13 

Outbuildings 14 

Shade Trees 14 

Types of Buildings 14-15, 20 

Plan of One-Room Schoolhouse 16 

Floor Plan, One-Room Schoolhouse 17 

Plan of Two-Room Rural Schoolhouse 18 

Floor Plan, Two-Room Schoolhouse 19 

Lighting of Schoolhouses 20 

Corridors • • • 21 

Cloak" Rooms 22 

Stairways 22 

Shades i 22 

Heating and Ventilating Schoolhouses 22-24 

Ventilating Systems 25 

Arrangement of Rooms 25 

Seating 26 

Blackboards 26 

Lighting, Artificial , 26 

General Summary 27-29 

Manual Training • 30-32 

Agriculture 33 ' 

Domestic Science 34, 35 

High School Auditorium 36 

Interior Views of Building 37-39 

Playground Apparatus 40-43 

Sanitary Fountains and Unsanitary Drinking Cups 43-47 

Bathroom 4 ^ 

Sanitary Toilets 49 ' 51 

Plan of School Buildings 52-122 




Modern school building erected in the Consolidated Independent District of 
Lamoille in 1914, at a cost of $14,000'. 




Consolidated School Building. Superior. 



FOREWORD 



This bulletin is the outgrowth of a demand by the people of Iowa 
to have placed before them some ideas concerning the modern school- 
house and its equipment. It is in no way exhaustive on any of the 
subjects pertaining to the better and more modern housing of the 
school children, but suggestive, rather. 

The Department of Public Instruction desires that this bulletin be 
placed at the disposal of every school officer who contemplates a part 
in the erection of a new school building. 

Many new schoolhouses have been erected in Iowa during the past 
three years and many more are being built at the present time. 

The building plans found in this bulletin were selected from some 
of those used in the state where buildings have been just completed, 
and are considered by the Department of Public Instruction as rep- 
resentative of the best types of school buildings. The plans for the 
one and two room buildings were prepared especially for this bulletin 
by B. F. Egbert of the Architect's Office of the State Board of Control. 

There should be a special state school building architect connected 
with the Department of Public Instruction, to whom all plans and 
specifications for school buildings shall be submitted for approval. The 
Department of Public Instruction will be pleased to examine plans 
for school buildings submitted by Boards of Education for criticism 
and suggestions. A convenient and economic arrangement of space 
in the buildings is important. The utmost care should be taken to 
properly heat, light and ventilate all school rooms. Sufficient black- 
board space should be provided and placed at the proper heights. 
Sanitary indoor toilet systems should be provided in all buildings 
wherever possible. The gymnasium and the assembly room for public 
programs and gatherings are very desirable, but too often are made 
too small to be of any use. Sanitary drinking fountains are necessary 
health equipment. Adequate and well lighted rooms for home econom- 
ics, manual training and for the physical and agricultural laboratory 
are essential. In the new building recently dedicated at Sioux Rapids, 
the stage in the high school assembly room is utilized for library pur- 
poses and the central corridor may be opened into the high school room 
and seated for public occasions. The above mentioned conditions are 
no longer considered luxuries but necessities. 



— 8 — 

There are many schoolhouses in Iowa, including one-room buildings, 
that should be condemned as unfit for use for school purposes and the 
authority to do so should be placed in the Department of Public 
Instruction. 

The special task of the preparation of this bulletin was entrusted to 
Melvin R. Fayram, State Inspector of Graded and High Schools. 

With the thought of a modern schoolhouse for all the children of 
Iowa, this bulletin is respectfully submitted to the people of this state. 

ALBERT M. DEYOE, 

Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

Des Moines, Iowa, December 29, 1915. 



Suggestions and Plans for Iowa Schoolhouses 

and Grounds 



The Selection of the Site. 

In the selection of a site for a public school building, one of the most 
important considerations should be the convenience of all the children. 
It seems to take some nearly magical power to awaken a community to 
realize the importance of a large and well located school ground, as 
related to the comfort and general welfare of their children. At best, 
school locations generally compel some children to walk a greater dis- 
tance than others to reach the school ground; but that should be of 
little moment, if by so doing a larger and more hygienic school ground 
may be secured. 

The following suggestions should have full consideration before the 
final selection of the school ground is made : 

(1) It should be so situated as to be convenient to the greatest 
number, but the size of the playground and the hygienic conditions 
should not be sacrificed. 

(2) It should be at a reasonable distance from all factories and the 
general hum of industry and not within 600 feet of a railroad track. 
Quietness is one of the important psychological factors to be considered 
in the development of child life. 

(3) The altitude of the school ground, as compared with the adja- 
cent territory, is of vital importance. The best authorities are agreed 
that public buildings should be located on soil as free from moisture as 
possible and subject to natural drainage. 

(a) Made land or land impregnated with organic matter is not 
desirable. 

(b) Springy and marshy land or sites near sluggish streams should 
never be selected. 

(c) Dampness is one of the leading causes of tuberculosis, rheuma- 
tism, typhoid and malarial fever. The breathing of damp atmosphere 
is one of the causes of languor and headache. 

(d) It is a crime against humanity to compel children to spend 
the best and the most vital hours of their lives in a building, which 
is located in such an unsanitary place as to be injurious to their physi- 
cal welfare. 

(e) Flat ground may be rendered suitable for school grounds by 
artificial drainage, but low grounds are always to be condemned. 



— 10 — 

Size of Grounds. 

The least amount of playground should be approximately : 
The rural one-room school, not less than one acre. 
The rural two-room school, not less than two acres. 
*The consolidated school, not less than four acres. 
The town or city, ample room for a large playground. 
Dr. Thomas Wood, Chairman of the Committee of Health Problems 
of the National Council of Education, says: "The playground is not 
a luxury but a necessity. A school without a playground is an educa- 
tional deformity and presents a gross injustice to childhood." 

Location of Buildings. 

It is generally satisfactory to locate the building near the center and 
toward the front of the ground. This will give ample space for a 
lawn, flower beds and ornamental trees, and also plenty of ground 
along the rear and sides of the building for the boys' and girls' play- 
grounds, and toilets adjacent to each, when outside toilets are neces- 
sary. It is always desirable that a small seed bed or garden plot be 
placed at the extreme rear of the ground. "Where the size of the 
ground will not permit a portion of it to be used as a garden plot, it 
will be necessary to secure additional grounds for such a plot, either 
adjacent to the present school ground or near by. In many cities 
vacant lots are used for this purpose. 

Every building should be so placed that its basement will have good 
drainage, whether it be natural or artificial. 

Note: The windows, which are to give the light for studying should 
open toward the east or west. 

Foundation. 

The under foundation of a school building is of the greatest impor- 
tance as upon this depends the solidity and stability of the building. 
It should be broad, well anchored and constructed, preferably, of con- 
crete. The main foundation should be made of vitrified brick or con- 
crete as either are less porous than the common grades of brick. The 
concrete or the mortar, if brick is used, should be water-proofed. 

All basements should be as free from damp, foul air as possible. This 
is especially true when it is intended that such a basement is to be 
used for general school work. 



*From five to fifteen acres is recommended by the State Department of 
Public Instruction for consolidated school grounds. 



11 — 



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One Room School Ground. — Planned by B. F. Egbert, Des Moines, Iowa. 



—12 




PubETic RTjad 

Suggested Hayfleld Consolidated School Ground.— Planned by Thorwald Thorson, 

Forest City, Iowa. 

It is advisable to have tile so placed around the outside of the sub- 
foundation as to draw off all downwater. The gutters should be con- 
nected with the underground tile by means of downpipes. 

Basements. 

The dirt under a building is generally dry and thus has a tendency 
to draw moisture, so the greatest precaution possible must be taken to 
secure good drainage for all surface water. Prof. Dressier says: "A 
well constructed basement provided with good means of ventilation 
and under-drainage is one of the most effective agencies in preventing 
the rise of moisture in the walls and ground air into the class rooms 
and halls. ' ' 

The use of glazed tile in lavatories, toilets and gymnasiums is very 
effective in keeping the moisture from rising in the walls. It is not 



— 18- 

v. isc to have the floor, even of the gymnasium or furnace, over 4 or 5 
feet below the surface of the ground and the remaining floor of the 
basement not over 2 feel helow grade. All basement floors should 
have a sub-floor of concrete mixed or coated with some moisture proof 
material. The foundation for the columns which carry the girders 
for the support of the floor should be of proper size and construction. 
Such columns arc preferably of steel as they occupy less space than 
piers of masonry and thus intercept less light. 

Kind of Building. 

Buildings may be designated as fireproof, semi-fireproof and non- 
fireproof, according to the material of which they are constructed. 

A fireproof building is one built of incombustible and waterproof 
material with the probable exception of the finished floor in rooms, 
doors, windows and the usual trimmings of rooms. The construction 
of such a building is especially desirable in larger towns and cities, 
where a great number of pupils are to be housed. 

A semi-proof building is one in which the walls, and possibly the 
corridors and stairways, are incombustible, but the floors and partitions 
are combustible. Such buildings are adaptable to small town and 
consolidated schools where the finances are somewhat limited. 

The non-fireproof building is one in which the main walls and inside 
construction are of combustible material. Such buildings should seldom 
be used and only as one-room rural school buildings. 

Fire Protection. 

In all buildings, regardless of their construction, possibly the one- 
room rural building excepted, there should be ample fire protection. 
A fire hose and chemical fire extinguisher should be placed on each 
floor, including the basement. The law provides that all school build- 
ings three or more stories high and those in which the basement is five 
or more feet above the ground shall be provided with properly con- 
structed fire escapes. It also provides that two story buildings that do 
not have inside stairways at opposite ends shall be equipped with fire 
escapes at second floor. Exits to fire escapes must be on floor level 
and fire escapes must reach the ground. Persons in each room should 
have direct or easy access to a fire escape exit, and all class-room doors 
should swing outward. (See Sections 4999-a7, -a9, Supplemental Supple- 
ment to the Code, 1915, or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 

In schoolhouses where there is not water pressure there should be 
at least two chemical fire extinguishers on each floor, including the 
basement. A well regulated fire drill must be a part of the program. 



— 14 — 

every public school. (See Section 2468-k, Supplement to the Code, 1913, 
or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 

Outbuilding's. 

When it seems necessary to have privies placed on the school 
grounds, as in the one-room rural school ground, they should be placed 
on the opposite sides and near the rear of the grounds. They should 
be so arranged as to have the boys' adjacent to the boys' playground 
and the girls' adjacent to the girls' playgrounds. Before the privy 
there should be placed lattice work covered with vines. Special atten- 
tion should be given to keep such buildings sanitary. Dr. F. D. Wood 
in his Minimum Sanitary Requirement for Rural Schools says: "The 
privy should be rain-proof, well ventilated and one of the following 
types : 

1. Dry earth closet. 

2. Septic tank container. 

3. Water-tight vault or box. 

All containers of excreta should be water-tight, thoroughly screened 
against insects and easily cleaned at frequent intervals. No cesspool 
should be used unless it is water-tight and easily emptied and cleaned. 
All excreta should be either burned, buried, treated by subsoil drainage 
reduced by septic tank treatment, or properly distributed on tilled land 
as fertilizer. All schoolhouses and outhouses should be thoroughly and 
effectively screened against flies and mosquitoes. 

In rural school buildings the fuel room, when it is not possible to 
have it in the basement, should be near the rear of the schoolhouse and 
in the least conspicuous place. 

In consolidated and city schoolhouses it is desirable to have the 
furnace and fuel room adjacent to the main building and as nearly 
under ground as possible. 

Shade Trees. 

Shade trees are very valuable, not only for improving the orna- 
mental effect of the school grounds, but they will add greatly to the 
comfort and health of both teacher and pupils. All trees should be so 
placed as not to interfere with the light by casting shadows through 
the windows or interfering with the playground.' (See Section 2787, 
Code of Iowa, or School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 

Types of School Buildings. 

This bulletin contains suggestive plans of a few T school buildings, 
which after a careful study, will enable school boards to form some 
idea of the plan of building which will be necessary to meet the needs 
of their community. 



— 15 — 

In suggesting the plans of school buildings it is not the intention of 
the Depart incut of Public Instruction to lay out any specific plans; 
but a few general ones which seem to meet the needs of the children 
of the present day. In such plans considerable attention has been given 
to the problems of properly lighting, heating and ventilating school 
buildings so that the child's interests may be advanced both physically 
and intellectually. 

There are four types of school buildings which have a place in our 
school system; namely, the one-room rural; consolidated; small town; 
city. The plans of all schoolhouses must be approved by the county 
superintendent. (See Section 2779, Code of Iowa, or School Laws of 
Iowa, 1915.) 

The One-Room Schaolhouse should be provided with small rooms 
to the rear or side of the main room for Domestic Science and 
Manual Training. These rooms, in fact, are to be a part of the main 
room. By such an arrangement the pupils may work in these rooms 
during the noon hour and yet be under the direct supervision of the 
teacher. The rooms may be opened at any time it is convenient to 
conduct the work in these subjects. The domestic science room may be 
used to an advantage in serving lunch at the various social gatherings 
which are held in the schoolhouse. A glance at the following cuts will 
give a clear idea of the plan. 

The Consolidated Schoolhouse is one that is now meeting the 
needs of the present rural conditions. It has been conceded by the 
General Assembly of the State that the rural boys and girls are in need 
of as efficient intellectual training as are the city children. The state 
has eome to the financial assistance of such schools. (See Sections 
2794-b, -c, -d, Supplement to the Code, 1913, or School Laws of Iowa, 
1915.) 

The plan of the schoolhouse should be such as to give ample room 
for the teaching of agriculture, domestic science and manual training. 
A gymnasium, with separate boys' and girls' dressing rooms, toilets 
and shower baths, should be provided. When possible the domestic 
science room should be adjacent to the gymnasium and they can be 
used together as a place to hold "Community or Social Center" meet- 
ings. 

The grade rooms should be on the first floor. An assembly room, 
superintendent's office, physics laboratory, recitation rooms and a 
library should be on the second floor. It is sometimes advisable to have 
the reference library in the front part of the assembly room. 



L6 




17- 




Floor plan of the One Room Rural Schoolhouse Showing Manual Training 
and Domestic Science Rooms. — Architect, B. F. Egbert. 



— 18 




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-20 — 

All consolidated school buildings must be approved by the State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction before the district can draw state 
aid. (See Sections 2794-b, -c, -d, Supplement to the Code, 1913, or 
School Laws of Iowa, 1915.) 

It is recommended that all plans for consolidated school buildings 
be submitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction for his ap- 
proval before such plans are accepted by the school board. 

This bulletin contains some plans of the consolidated school build- 
ings which it is suggested should have your careful attention : 

Small Town Buildings •" Such buildings should, in general, be of 
the same style as the Consolidated School Building. 

City Buildings: The general demand of the city is so varied that 
it becomes impossible to recommend any specific plan for such a 
building. Such plans can only be suggestive. 

There should be suitable rooms for domestic science and manual 
training and laboratories for agriculture and physics. Each of these 
rooms should be so equipped as to enable the students to do efficient 
work. It is generally planned 1 to have the domestic science and dining 
room on the same floor as the assembly room. 

Main toilets may be placed on each floor and if the grades are to 
have a place in this building, the first three grades, including the 
kindergarten, should have separate toilets for the boys and girls. 

An auditorium is always a valuable place for the general intellectual 
activities of the school and should be on the first floor. 

When it is not possible to connect a school building with the city 
water system, the water may be delivered to the building by means 
of a power pump and pressure tank. The water by this means will be 
furnished for the sanitary fountain, toilets and lavatories. It may be 
necessary to use a gasoline engine, steam or motor to develop the 
power for running the pump. 

Lighting of Schoolhouses. 

There has never been any time in the history of education or the 
industrial world when the demands have been so great on the eyes, 
especially of school children. 

It must be held in mind that the problem of heating, lighting and 
ventilating the schoolhouse is far more complex than that of lighting, 
heating and ventilating the home. Whatever can be done to better 
any of these conditions will lessen fatigue and increase the child's 
efficiency. 

The study rooms should be placed on one side of the building so as 
to admit either the morning or the afternoon sun. The south light is 



-21 — 

loo constant and the teacher cannot regulate the shades so as to 
prevent injurious pencils of light coming into the room. Even the 
flat hlinds or adjustable shades will not remedy this condition. The 
following is good advice : "Do not construct your schoolhouse in such 
a way that windows will open from any study room towards the south." 

The windows of each study room should be placed as close together 
as possible; that is, banked, and near the rear of the room. "THE 
GLASS SPACE SHOULD NEVER BE LESS THAN ONE-FIFTH OF 
THE FLOOR SPACE." 

The windows should never be less than four feet from the floor and 
not over six inches from the ceiling. This will lessen the shadows that 
may otherwise be formed and also prevent any passing objects from 
destroying the direct interest of the children. It is true that in large 
school buildings, the above suggestions may not always be carried out ; 
but the rooms which vary most can be used as laboratories and rest 
rooms. Such an adjustment will aid in the general advantages, happi- 
ness and health of the children. 

The rooms, which are in continuous use, should during some part of 
the day receive the direct rays of the sun as sunlight is one of the 
greatest disinfectants. This is the principal reason why the north 
light is unsatisfactory. 

The mullions between the banked windows should be of steel, thus 
reducing the possibilities of shadows to a minimum. 

Corridors. 

Many of the present day architects sacrifice entirely the corridors 
of the school building. The corridors are in many cases poorly lighted, 
heated and ventilated. The width and advantage of the corridors to 
the recitation or assembly rooms is never taken into consideration. 

The corridors must be wide enough to prevent the congestion of 
pupils, especially in the morning, the noon hour and at the changing of 
classes in the high school department. This will also be true when 
departmental work is done. It is advisable to have the corridors not 
less than twelve feet in width, with plenty of direct light. Such a 
width furnishes not only a roomy space, but will afford walls upon 
which some appropriate pictures may be hung, also a floor space for 
the busts of the leading men and women in the world's activities. 
Such constructed corridors will become attractive instead of the dun- 
geons which are so common in some of our school buildings. The 
floors of the corridors should be of tile or cement. A good hard maple 
floor, when properly cared for, will be very durable. 



- 22 — 

Cloak Rooms. 

The cloak rooms should be spacious and in every way sanitary. Each 
should be adjacent to the room it is to serve. The doors, in and out, 
should be so placed as to make it convenient and at the same time be 
advantageous to the general discipline of the school. A cloak room 
should never be isolated so that it will become a loafing place and 
should be not less than five feet in width. It is the present day tendency 
to do away with the cloak room and have sanitary lockers in the cor- 
ridors or sanitary wardrobes in the various rooms. 

Stairways. 

In two-story buildings there should be two stairways leading from 
floor to floor and then an outdoor exit to each. The stairways should 
be placed at the opposite ends of the building and should be of fire- 
proof material. Steel frames incased in cement and treads of the 
same material are very desirable. Hand railings should be placed on 
both sides of the stairway so that two columns of pupils may be moved 
rapidly but yet with safety when emergency demands it. The above 
suggestion will apply to all stairways in the building. The stairways 
should not be less than five feet wide and consist of two runs of stairs. 
For the grade rooms the risers should not be more than six inches and 
the tread eleven inches. For the high school and advanced grade 
pupils the risers should be seven inches and the tread ten inches. 

Shades. 

In placing or hanging shades it seems that the most satisfactory plan 
is to have the movable curtains. Such shades work in slides and can 
be shifted by means of a string so as to meet the rays of the sun. 
However, the double shade, one rolling from the upper sash and the 
other from the lower, is also acceptable. 

It is a somewhat difficult matter to determine just what color of 
shades should be used, but it is generally agreed that a light unob- 
trusive tan or light slate will prove the most satisfactory. 

Heating and Ventilating of Schoolhouses. 

A thermometer should be placed in the rear of the room and a tem- 
perature of about 70 maintained. 

Ventilating room heaters, when properly constructed and installed, 
are quite satisfactory for one and two-room school-houses. These sys- 
tems should be so constructed that fresh air from out doors may be con- 
stantly brought in through ducts and discharged in the space between 
the heater and casing, which should be lined with asbestos and tin with 



-23 — 

an air space between so as to cut off direct radiation. The air when 
heated rises and circulates throughout the room, giving an even heat 
distribution without creating drafts. To facilitate the heating of the 
room and obtain the best circulation, it is essential that the bottom 
edge of the casing should be raised from eight to fourteen inches from 
the floor. To prevent over-heating or scorching of the air, there should 
be a space of at least six inches between the casing and heater. An 
exaporating pan, or humidifier, placed near the top of the heater keeps 
the air from becoming too dry and prevents irritation of the membranes 
of the throat and lungs. 

It is necessary to provide an outlet for the vitiated air, and in order 
to insure a positive draft in this foul air duct, adequate provision must 
be made for having it heated. This may be done successfully in one 
or two ways, namely: (a) By mixing smoke and foul air and removing 
the same through a single flue chimney not less than 12x12 inches, in- 
side measurement, for each room, so that all the waste products of com- 
bustion may be available for inducing ventilation, (b) By providing 
a large chimney about 20x20 inches, inside measurement, with a metal 
stack in the center connected with the heater and extending up through- 
out the chimney, so that the heat of the smoke pipe may be available 
for heating the foul air in the chimney surrounding the stack, thus 
causing the foul air to rise and pass out through the top of the chimney. 

Care must be taken to have the ventilator in the same end of the 
room as the heater, and in no case should the bottom of a foul air out- 
let be above the floor line, or less than four feet from the heater, so 
as to avoid conflict between the action of the foul air ventilator and the 
rotating of the air through the bottom of the easing. The fresh air 
ducts and foul air ventilators should be provided with dampers so that 
they may be closed during the night. 

In the two-room or even larger school buildings the hot-air furnace 
will prove satisfactory if it is put in in a satisfactory way. When 
a gravity furnace is used as the basis of the heating system it should 
be of generous size. It should be set far to the north and west side of 
the building, which is most exposed to the winter winds. 

The air ducts leading to the furnace should not be too long as the 
movement of the air depends upon gravity and too great friction will 
cause the air to move slowly. It is necessary to observe definitely that 
the air outlets are so located and constructed that they will be able 
to carry the vitiated air. Whether the chimney, for this purpose, is 
located in the main hall or directly connected with the room, the 



— 24 — 

same should be of such a capacity as to keep all the rooms properly 
ventilated. 

Prof. F. D. Dressier in "American Schoolhouses, 1910, Bulletin No. 
5," says, "All things considered, and especially when a furnace of 
ample radiating surface is installed, when the ducts leading to the 
rooms are mathematically proportioned and are not too long, and when 
proper means are afforded for moistening the air to the hygienic 
degree of saturation, there seems at present to be no system of heating 
better suited to small and medium sized school buildings than the hot- 
air furnace. ' ' 

The method of heating consolidated, town and city schools by steam 
is now becoming the most used system. In all schoolhouses above 
eight rooms this system can be made to give better general results than 
any other. The fresh air can be drawn into the room by a ventilation 
radiator through a wall opening, to the air duct, near the floor line. 
This air duct should be provided with a damper to regulate the amount 
of air coming into the room. The air passing over the ventilating 
radiator is heated to a moderate temperature, and then raised to the 
proper temperature by other radiators in the room. A vitiated air 
duct should be placed on the side of the room opposite the ventilating 
radiator with a register near the ceiling. In this air duct is placed an 
aspirating coil to accelerate the outward movement of the vitiated air. 
By this plan the room will have ample ventilation without the annoy- 
ance of drafts. 

In the larger school buildings it is more desirable to use the fan 
system. The fresh air should be fanned through moderately heated 
coils so that the temperature on entering the room should not be less 
than 70 degrees and the direct radiation of each room should be 
sufficient to maintain the proper temperature of 70 degrees. 

The ducts for the outlet of the air should be so placed that the 
vitiated air of the rooms can readily escape. A system of thermostats 
should be connected with the direct radiation in each room and the 
heating coil so that a constant temperature may be maintained. All 
exit ducts should open into the wa\l near the floor on the same side 
on which the fresh air enters. 

In case a cloak room is connected directly with the class room one 
of the vitiated air exits may be placed in such cloak room. Great care 
should be taken to see that the corridors are properly heated. 

The power for running the fan may be an electric motor, steam 
power from the heating plant, or a gasoline engine. 



— 25 — 

A specialist in heating and ventilating should be consulted before 
any system is allowed to be installed. The proper amount of fresh air 
lor each pupil should he figured accurately. 

Hot water heating, is general, has not given satisfaction and unless 
there is some local condition or special reason to be taken into consid- 
eration, it would not be wise to install such a system. 

Ventilation. 

Ventilation systems may be summarized as direct, indirect and 
forced. 

The direct is when the windows and doors are used for ventilating 
purposes. This method is subject to drafts, but such can be minimized 
by raising the lower sash of the window and thus allowing the air to 
come in between the sashes. Deflectors should be attached to the lower 
sash so that when it is raised the deflectors will cover the opening 
made. This system is very satisfactory in small buildings. 

Indirect ventilation has to do with the fresh air ducts and vitiated 
air outlets and room ventilators. Buildings which have such a system 
will necessarily depend on the direct system when it is not cold 
enough for a fire. 

The forced system -of ventilation is usually controlled by a fan, which 
forces the air throughout the building. All air inlets, outlets and roof 
ventilators must be of such a capacity as to carry the proper amount of 
air. (See heating for further explanation of the indirect and forced 
systems.) 

In heating and ventilating buildings we note that Gilbert S. Morrison 
says : ' ' Small children, 2500 cubic feet ; high school pupils, 3,000 cubic 
feet, and college students, 3,500 cubic feet per hour, is the necessary 
amount of fresh air." 

All satisfactory ventilating systems should change the air in each 
room at least once in ten minutes. 

In spite of all of the systems and schemes for ventilation, which 
are now being advanced, it will take a great amount of so-called com- 
mon sense, on the part of the teacher and janitor, to even approach 
an ideal condition. 

Note: Every system of heating should be provided with the proper 
))><ans of humidifying the air. 

Arrangement of Rooms. 

The arrangement of the rooms in the basement is very important in 
the general convenience of the school building. Unless the basement is 
to be used as a place for "social center" gatherings it would seem wise 
to have the general toilets for the boys and girls on the first floor with 



— 26 — 

individual room toilets for the first three grades including the kinder- 
garten. 

In many buildings the corridors of the basement are so adjacent to 
the gymnasium as to be used to an advantage, for movable amphi- 
theater seating. 

The gymnasium should be placed far enough below grade to get a 
general height of about 17 feet and, if possible, not less than 40 feet 
in width and 60 feet in length. Special attention should be given to 
the heating, lighting and ventilating of this room. 

The size of the grade rooms should not be less than 24x32x12 feet, 
especially the primary rooms. 

The recitation rooms and laboratories will vary in size ; but none of 
them should be less than 20x30x12 feet. 

It must be kept in mind that all the doors from rooms and corridors 
of any public building must open outward. 

The interior finish of each room should be as free as possible from 
projections which will serve as places for the accumulation of dust 
or disease germs. The glass transom over a door, if it tends to affect 
the general lighting of the room, should not be used. The so-called 
glass door should generally give way to the plain panels. The artistic 
panel designed door will not only be more serviceable, but will also 
add to the attractiveness of the corridors. 

Seating. 

The seats should be sanitary and adjustable. They should be placed 
in the room so as to allow the light, especially when pupils are studying, 
to come over the left shoulder. 

Blackboards. 

In our Iowa schools a great amount of blackboard is needed. Since 
all blackboards absorb light there should be a light colored curtain so 
arranged as to cover it on dark and gloomy days. It has been known 
by such a means to increase the light during such days by fifty per 
cent. A slate blackboard is the most desirable and is recommended. 

The height from the floor to the blackboard in primary rooms should 
be 24 inches, intermediate rooms 26 to 28 inches, and high school 
rooms 30 to 32 inches. The most convenient width of a blackboard is 
42 inches. The teacher's desk and cabinet should be of movable types 
so that they may be placed where most convenient. 

Lighting. 

A complete system of electric or gas lighting should be installed in 
not only the assembly room, but in each of the rooms in the building. 



A General Summary 

It has been thought wise to give a general summary of the conditions 
which should be a part of a modern school building. 

1. An auditorium, when possible, should be placed on the first floor, 
and such an auditorium should have a stage or an elevated platform. 
This will be desirable especially in the larger cities where the school 
seems to demand a general meeting place for school activities. 

2. An assembly room with a platform and space on the platform 
for the reference library will be desirable. 

3. The superintendent's office should be on the first floor and the 
principal's office on the second. 

4. Every school building should be provided with special rooms 
for Domestic Science, Manual Training and Agriculture. 

5. All laboratories and supply rooms should be convenient to the 
assembly room. It may be necessary in a consolidated school to have 
the agriculture laboratory in the basement. 

6. A domestic science room, store room, dining room and sewing 
room should be on the first floor, except as suggested in the consoli- 
dated school. 

7. The manual training room and workshop should be placed in the 
basement. It is necessary that the room used for this purpose should 
have a wood floor. 

8. The grade rooms should be mainly on the first floor with room 
toilets for the first three grades and kindergarten. There should be 
two toilets placed on each of the floors, one for the boys and the other 
for the girls. 

9. A gymnasium with separate dressing rooms, shower baths and 
toilets for boys and girls, should be placed in the basement. These 
should be so planned as to have their entrances to the gymnasium oppo- 
site each other. 

10. There should be a water pressure system throughout the 
building. 

11. The lavatories and flush toilets should be connected with a 
sewer or septic tank. It is recommended to have one closet bowl for 
every fifteen girls and one urinal and closet for every twenty-five 
boys. It is necessary to have air ducts carefully constructed so that 
all toilets will be properly ventilated. 



— 28- 






12. At least two sanitary fountains should be placed on each floor, 
including the basement. It is necessary that paper towels and soap 
cups be a part of the sanitary equipment of the school. 

13. The purity of the water used in any schoolroom should be 
guarded with the utmost care. 

14. All doors should open outward. 

15. Fire escapes should be adjacent to all rooms above the first floor. 

16. A fire hose should be connected with the water system and on 
each floor. A chemical fire extinguisher should also be placed on each 
floor. 

17. All windows in the study rooms should be banked so that the 
light in general may come over the left shoulder. The glass space should 
be equal to one-fifth of the floor space. 

18. The windows of the gymnasium do not need to be banked ; but 
there should be enough glass space to make it cheery, even on dark 
days. 

19. All corridors and openings should be properly ventilated, heated 
and lighted. The walls should be made attractive by proper decorations. 

20. All lighting, heating and ventilating systems should be thor- 
oughly tested before the same are accepted by the board. 

21. A steam heating plant is generally the most satisfactory in the 
larger buildings; the furnace, hot air, in the smaller towns and con- 
solidated school buildings; and the modern heating jacketed stove 
ventilating system in the one and two-room rural buildings. 

22. Thermostats should be connected with steam heating systems. 

23. A roof ventilator should be of such a capacity as to carry off 
ail vitiated air which is forced to the attic through the air ducts. 

24. All playgrounds should be fully equipped and regularly super- 
vised. 

25. All school grounds should be made as ornamental as possible. 
The flower bed, well kept lawn, trees and shrubbery will make the 
school more attractive and home-like. ' 

26. An experimental plot for agriculture should have a place at 
the rear of all school grounds; or„ at least, adjacent to the same. When 
possible it will add to the general activities of the school to have a 
regular athletic field, independent of the playgrounds. 

27. The janitor is no less important than the teacher in the main- 
taining of sanitary conditions in the schoolhouse and grounds. 

28. A janitor's work should not consist in just the care of the 
building, but also the general care of the grounds. 



— 29 — 

29. All school boards, before contracting for the installation of a 
schoolhonse sewage disposal plant, should have the plans and specifi- 
cations for such disposal plant prepared by a competent and experi- 
enced sanitary engineer and when such plans and specifications have 

I ii prepared they should be submitted to the State Board of Health 

for final approval, before installation of the same. (See Rule 9, Iowa 
State Board of Health.) 

30. The board of directors of every school district should take every 
precaution possible to keep their schoolhouse in a sanitary condition 
and provide for the fumigation of the same as often as it may seem 
necessary. 




One-room Schoolhouse, Lincoln Township Center, Wright county. As it used to 

be and as it is now. Departments in the basement for Domestic 

Science, Manual Training and Furnace. 



80 




--31- 




32 




A Class in Manual Training. Corning. 



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Finished Models in Manual Training. Washington. 



— 33 — 




A Practical Application of the Study of Agriculture. Orchard Consolidated 

School. 




A Study of Seed Corn. Story C:ty. 



— 34 — 







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A Class in Sewing. Oelwein. 




A Convenient Arrangement of the Equipment in Domestic Science Department. 

Rockwell City. 



— 35 




A Domestic Science Class at Work. Osage. 




A Class in Domestic Science. Red Oak. 



36 




High School Building, Fairfield. 




High School Auditorium. Fairfield. 



37 — 




— 38 




— 89 — 




40 




A Rural School Ground made Attractive to Children. 




The Teeter is Enjoyed by both Boys and Girls. 



— 41 — 




42 




A. Combination of Play Ground Apparatus. 





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The slide is enjoyed by the Rural Children. 




A Play Ground Supervised by a Teacher. 



-44 — 









45 — 




46 




— 47 — 



INSULATION. 



CONCAVE 



BUBBLER 
toULATl 




A P ml?w 2. r n kln ^- P ° Unta . ln - (Sectlonal View.) An inexpensive 

method of providing sanitary drinking facilities for country 

schools— (Smith System.) 



— 48 — 




— 49 




A Sanitarv Chemical Toilet adapted to meet needs and 
conditions in localities where a system of sewers is 
not available— (Smith System.) 



— 50- 




Seat Action Toilets. Water Tank, out of reach of children. 



— 51- 




Seat Action Toilets. Water Tank, concealed. 



52 — 




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v*ncLtvi Iowa 



H E. B_EI/\EB- 
AR-CHITECT 

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— 93 — 




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— 106 — 




BASEMENT 
ALBERT CITY SCHOOL 



INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO. 

SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA, 



Basement Plan. 



— 107- 




STUDY ROOM . 



STUDY ROOM 




FIRST FLOOR 
ALBERT CITY SCHOOL . 

First Floor Plan. 



INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO 

SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. 



108- 




STUDY ROOM . 



STUDY ROOM 




SECOND FLOOR 
ALBERT CITY SCHOOL . 



INGOLD UNIT SYSTEM CO. 

SCHOOL ARCHITECTS 
CEDAR RAPIDS, • IOWA 



Second Floor Plan. 



— 109 — 




— 110 — 





JtCOfiD- PtOOl^- PlsArt 



- 112 



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— 113- 



HEYADA OT AND 

JUNIOR XttOOL 



(^■L-LOCKH^T 

ACCH1TICT 
3 T. PAUL MlWt 




T)joivmt Floor Pla/i 



U JWor J* 

NEVADA niGHAND 

JUNIOR SCHOOL 

NEVADA IOWA. 



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114 — 



NEVADMIG11AND 
junjoe. xnooi. 

NEVADA, IOWA. 



(pL-LOCKttABT. 

AECmTICT. 
Ot. Paul Mj/m. 




fjTOT TlOOH PLA/i 

Scale ts" - I'-o" 



NEVADA Hlftt AND 
JUNIOR OCttOOL 
HIYADA IOWA 



ARCHITECT 
Ot Paul Mi/m 




Dico/iD Tloot^ Pla/i. 

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122 — 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



:i: !i:ii 



029 452 176 8 



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